![]() Plant material, mainly leaves, contains indican as a colorless compound. Indigo has been the world’s most important and popular dyestuff, and the demand is still increasing, especially in the denim industry. This rapidly evolved into an effective industrial process and replaced most of the plant-based production of indigo. 2004).Īt the advent of the 20th century, a petroleum-based chemical process to synthesize indigo was introduced. While Indigofera contains relatively high concentration of indican, woad contains significantly lower amounts of two indigo precursors: indican and isatan B (Fig. However, through increasing trade between Europe and other continents, the import of indigo from India fully eradicated woad-based industries starting in the 16th century. In fact, for centuries, there were many regions where woad cultivation and processing was a dominant industry. In Europe, woad ( Isatis tinctoria) was traditionally used as the source of indigo. In fact, the Greeks referred to the dye as “indikon” which means “from India.” Yet, also in more moderate climate regions, indigo has been produced and used from alternative plants. The most effective plant-based process of producing the indigo dye involved the plant Indigofera tinctoria, which is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and particularly in India. This gives denim and other indigo-dyed garments their special appearance, where wear or abrasion exposes the white interior of the fiber. The deposition of the insoluble indigo on the fabric results in a special decoration of the fabric material as the fabric is not penetrated by the dye. The indigo-dying process, in which indigo is chemically treated, was traditionally done in buckets or vats, hence the classification as a vat-dye. ![]() To dye textiles, indigo is first chemically reduced which results in the soluble reduced form of indigo, leucoindigo. Through air-mediated oxidation, indoxyl then spontaneously dimerizes to form indigo. ![]() This is done by fermenting plant material, which will liberate indoxyl from indigo precursors, typically glycosylated forms of indoxyl such as indican and isatan B (Fig. Traditionally, indigo has been prepared from various plants. Structural formulas of indigo, indoxyl, and some of its plant precursors, indican and isatan B
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